Heredotus, the famous historian and known as the father of history, was born in Halikarnassos (ancient name of Bodrum) in 484 B.C. and according to him Bodrum was founded by the Dorians in the 12th century B.C. The next settlers were Carian and Lelegians.In 546 B.C., the region came under Persian rule. In the beginning of the 4th century B.C., Caria region was ruled by the Satrap Hekatomnos and his son Mausolos.Its most brilliant period was around 353 B.C., when Halikarnassos was the capital of the satrap of Caria. After the death of King Mausolos, Caria was ruled by his wife and sister Artemisia II. and the Mausoleum, the monumental tomb, was built by Artemisia II in honour of her husband and brother King Mausolos. This monument became one of the seven wonders of ancient world, and was destroyed by an earthquake in the 14th century.
In 192 B.C., Halikarnassos ruled by Roman Empire but did not develop very much. In 395 A.D., Halikarnassos came under Byzantine rule. In XIth century, city was conquered by Turcs but during the first crusade changed hands several times. The Knight of Rhodes captured Halikarnassos in 1402 and the city was called Petronium. Knights of Rhodes was built the castle between two harbours. It was reinforced with Italien, English, German, Spanish and French towers.
Bodrum was taken by the Turks in 1523.
Bodrum CastleBodrum Castle was built by the Knights of Rhodes in honour of St.Peter between 1415-1437. The stones and marbles of the Mausoleum, which is one of the seven wonders of ancient world and destroyed by an earthquake in 14th century, were used for the construction of the castle. There are five main towers, reflecting the architectural styles of the nations by whom they were constructed, called English Tower, French Tower, Spanish Tower, Italien Tower and German Tower. The Knights built the walls facing the sea thin, and fortified the walls facing the land, as they had expected attacks from the land.
Bodrum was taken by the Turks in 1523. After 1895, the castle was used as a prison. It was converted into a museum, in which, especially the findings of underwater archeology, Mycenean, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantium artifacts are displayed in different sections in chronological order since 1960.
In the Gothic chapel in the courtyard, findings from the Bronze Age are exhibited, dating back 3000 - 2000 years, discovered in this region of objects and weapons from the Mycenaen time found by excavation in the necropolis near Bodrum - Ortakent. In the section to the right of the chapel are exhibited in their original position the environs of the Gelidonya Wreck, which had loaded copper ignots, dating back to 1200 B.C. and which was discovered by underwater excavations off-shore the Cape Gelidonya, under direction of Prof.Dr. George Bass in 1960.
In the south of the chapel, adjoining the castle wall a Turkish Bath an old building where the bathing tradition is shown in details.
A narrow street to the left of the chapel leads to the Amphora Park. From here one comes to the Hall of the Glass wreck, where the Wreck of Serçe Harbour and environs are displayed, in the vis-a-vis Glass Hall and glass works between the XIVth century A.D. and the whole glass collection of the Wreck of Serçe Harbour are exhibited.
In the upper section of the Castle the towers are placed. In the Italien Tower, the ground floor is The Coins and jewellery Hall beginning from the 7th century B.C., until the Roman and Ottoman periods are displayed. In the middle floor of the tower is The Hall of Classical Period. Various ceramic and bronze objects and statues dating back to the 5th century are exhibited here. Baltali Tower is situated at the highest point of the castle, houses the Carian Princess Hall and one of the most interesting place of the Museum. In 1989 a sarcophagus was found entering Bodrum. From the jewellery of the skeleton found in sarcophage, it was identified as Princess Ada, who was also the adoptive mother of Alexander the Great. The University of Manchester plastered the scaleton of Princess to her state while living and she is now exhibited in a niche in the hall.
Mausoleum
Mausoleum constructed as a funereal monument by Artemisia, queen of Caria after the death of her brother & husband Mausolos, the Satrap of Caria 352 B.C., the architect was Pytheos. The four facades were decorated with relief friezes executed by (the eastern facade) Scopas , (the northern facade) Byraix , (the southern facade) Timotheos , and (the western facade) Leochares. The monument is raised on a high podium. The 21 stepped roof is supported by 36 ionic columns. Statues of Mausolos and Artemisia, riding a chariot drawn by four horses from the crest of the monument are now to be found in the British Museum. The ground measurements of the monument are 60X80 m. and it was originally 46 m. in height. It remained intact until the 12 century A.D., was partially destroyed by an earthquake in the 14th century, and demolished Knights of Rhodes. The friezes were removed to the British Museum in 1856.
Amphi Theatre
Situated in the hillside over looking Bodrum. This theatre whose capacity is around 13.000 was built during Carians' reign in Hellenistic age (330-30 B.C.) The theatre consists of three different sections: a place for audience, a place for an orchestre and the stage. It became an open-air museum after the excavations made in 1973.
Myndos GateLocated on the west side of Bodrum, this is one of the two entrances of ancient Halikarnassos. Only some parts of the city wall remained until today. An important part of the town wall was the Myndos Gate where the soldiers of Alexander the Great had a hard time to enter the town of Halikarnassos in 333 B.C. After he captured the city, except the Mausoleum whole city destroyed by the soldiers of Alexander the Great.
Bu görkemli kalenin inþasýna ilk olarak Rodos Þövalyelerinin 1402 yýlýnda bodrum fethetmesi ile baþlandý. Antik limanýn doðusunda yer alan kale bir ada üzerinde yer alýr Kaleye giriþ 7 ana kapý vasýtasýyla olur. Bir rampa ziyaretçileri giriþ kapýsýna oturur ki buradaki kitabe casuslarý uyarýr. Yaklaþýk 250 adet arma kalenin Rodos þövalyeleri döneminin sessiz tanýklarýdýr. Ýlk duvarlarýn Alman Mimar tarafýndan insaf edilmesine raðmen, kale balistik silahlarýn geliþmesine paralel olarak bir cok tadilatlar girerek güçlendirilmiþtir. Bu inþaat ve tamir faaliyetleri sýrasýnda Rodos Þövalyeleri hem antik Halikarnas’ýn hem de Mausoleion'un taslarýný, sütunlarýný hatta kabartmalarýný kullanmýþlardýr. Kalenin en yüksek kulelerinden biri olan Ýtalyan Kulesi 1436 yýlýnda Ýtalyan Ancelo Muscetola tarafýndan inþa edilmiþtir. Ýngiliz mimar John Candall 1480 yýlýnda Ýngiliz kulesini yapmýþtýr. Kalede ki Þövalyeler zamanýndaki en son tadilatlar ise Pierre Abusson zamanýnda 1476-1503 yýllarý arasýnda yapýlmýþtýr.
Kalenin Planý
Þövalyeler kimdi?
Aziz Jean Þövalyelerinin kurduðu düzende buradaki insanlarý üç ana kýsýmda izleyeliriz. Bunlarý Þövalyeler, tanrýnýn hizmetçileri ve Chaplinler den meydana gelir
Bu düzenin Büyük Üstadý hayat boyu seçiliyor. Þövalyeler soylu ailelerden veya olarak kraliyet soyundan geliyor ve bu düzene hiç bir para almadan hizmet etmekte idiler. Öldükleri zaman bütün mallarý ve sahip olduðu þeyler bu organizasyonun malý oldu. Barýþ zamanlarýnda serbestçe seyahat edebilen sövalyeler, ülkelerine giderek kendi arazileri ile ilgilendiler. Savaþ ilanýný duyar duymaz en kýsa zamanda görevli olduklarý kalelerine dönmek zorunda olan þövalyeler, aslýnda dini kurallar altýnda yasamlarýný sürdürmediler. Bu kalelerde bir manastýrýn dini kurallarý yoktu. Öte yandan Þövalyeleri kendi organizasyonlarýnýn katý kurallarýna tabi idiler. Bu özellikle eðitim goren genç þövalyeler için çok önemli idi.
Þövalyeler konuþtuklarý lisanlara göre guruplara ayrýlýyorlardý. Ingiltereden, Ýtalya’dan, Almanya’dan, Fransa’nýn deðiþik yerlerinden þövalyeler bulunuyordu. Bu dönemde Fransa ve Ýspanya ana bölgelere ayrýldýðý için Provence, Auvergne ve Aragon de þövalyelerin geldiði bölgelerdi.
Alman Kulesi
Alman Þövalyeleri kaledeki en küçük guruplardan birini oluþturmakta idi. Toplantý salonu ve yemek odasý olarak kullanýlan Alman Kulesinin üzerinde çift baþlý kartal figürü bulunur. Alman kulesinin ayni zamanda hastahane olarakta kullanýldýðý sanýlýr.
Fransýz Kulesi
Fransýz Kulesi, kalenin tam ortasýnda yer alan iki görkemli kaleden biridir. KAlenin ilk inþasýnda Kale Komutaný olan Philibert Naillac özellikle bu kulenin çok etkileyici olmasýna özen göstermiþtir. Kulenin dogu duvarý üzerinde, onun armasýný Fransa ve Papanýn armalarý yakýnýnda görürüz.
Ýngiliz Kulesi
Kalenin güney batý köþesinde yer alan Ýngiliz kulesi, Ýngiltere’den gelen yardýmlarla inþa edilmiþtir. Üç katlý olarak planlanmýþ bu kulenin giriþi 2 katta bulunur ve bu kapýdan üç pencereli ve tonoz kemerli büyükçe bir odaya geçilir. Toplantý odasý ve yemek salonu olarak kullanýlan bu oda iç ve diþ duvarlarýnda birçok kitabe, armalar bulunur. Özellikle ana giriþ kapýsý üzerinde Ýngiliz kraliyet ailesinin armalarý bulunur. Kral Henri zamanýnda inþa edilen kulede Kralýn, kraliyet ailesi fertlerinin ve önemli þövalyelerin 14 armasý bulunur.
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