What is Paganism?

At its most basic, the term Paganism, is an umbrella term covering all religions that are not related to the Judeo-Christian family of religions. The word itself once denoted those “country folk” who were not up on, or didn’t care about, the fashions of the day, including the state religion. Since Judeo-Christianity has been the dominant, indeed, only acceptable religious choice for some time, it has come to mean those who aren’t Judeo-Christian. This would include all “Primitive” animist and polytheistic religions that are common among native groups as well as the Classical religions of ancient Greece and Rome (though it wouldn't have in their heyday). It does not include Hinduism or Buddhism because those religions are dominant in their native areas and socially acceptable choices elsewhere. It would also exclude all religions that have stemmed from Judeo-Christianity, including Satanism and various syncretic religions. However, when most people say the word “Pagan”, they really mean “Neo-Pagan”. Neo-paganism is really a subset of the larger term “Pagan” and is itself an umbrella term covering a wide range of beliefs.
Now that I have thoroughly confused you, I will attempt to unravel my meaning into something that makes sense.
Neo-paganism is a form of paganism, and there are many forms of Neo-paganism. Neo-paganism is either the modern practice and adaptation of an ancient religion, or a new religion based on either ancient or new religious concepts; but usually based on a combination of these. Neo-paganism means simply modern, or contemporary paganism and there are many varieties, although they do tend to share some characteristics.
Most Neo-Pagan religions share a combination of one or more of the following characteristics, but none have them all:
A belief in multiple deities, including male and female deities. Sometimes the female is dominant, sometimes male and female deities carry equal status, but only rarely does a female deity carry lesser importance to a male deity. More rarely, there is a single deity who is quite often female or a main deity (usually female) with one or more helpers of somewhat lesser importance, usually a male consort. In those cases where a single deity is worshipped, it is quite often either sexless or androgynous; made up of both male and female aspects.
Pagans with predominantly female deities may tend to be more feminist, and occasionally may even seem to be somewhat anti-male, but this is not always the case. Some on the other hand are proponents of 'traditional' gender roles and have strong beliefs that a woman's place is in the home. Perhaps surprisingly often, there is a combination of the two.
A revival of ancient or ancestral beliefs. Many modern Pagans strive to rekindle the beliefs of their ancestors or of an ancient (non-Abrahamic) culture to which they feel an attraction. Their beliefs and practices may be shaped by the oral tradition of their families, archaeological evidence, scholarly research, the myths and legends of their chosen culture or a combination of any of these. Some strive to keep their beliefs as close to those of their ancient forbearers as possible while others blend these practices with modern ones. Some may combine the beliefs of different cultures or study many cultures and select common threads on which to base their religious observances.
Animism and a belief in spirits. Quite often a Pagan faith will include the belief that spirits inhabit natural objects, plants and animals and these things will be treated accordingly. There may also be a belief in free roaming nature spirits and house spirits as well as the belief in the presence of spirits of the dead, especially ancestors. These spirits may be helpful or harmful and people are usually able to communicate with them in one way or another, usually through some sort of ritual, to appease them or ask for their aid. Offerings may be left for them. Often Gods or other spirits are believed to inhabit, or are represented by certain things in nature such as the sun, moon, sea, rivers, springs, lakes, mountains, forests, etc. or certain places.
A belief in the soul. Most pagans believe in a soul and some believe in a large collective soul that all beings are a part of. Thus, many pagan religions have a firm belief in either an afterlife or reincarnation, or both. Your behavior in this life may or may not affect what comes after, depending on the specific path.
Exactly who has a soul may differ. Many Pagans believe that plants, animals and sometimes even inanimate objects have souls. Others may believe that only humans have souls.
Note however, that there are rare groups who do not believe in the soul at all. In which case, returning to the Earth, decaying and returning to the bottom of the food chain may take on a mysticism of its own. This same type of mysticism exists among many who believe in the soul as well.
A sense of equality or brotherhood with other living things. Many modern pagans believe that all people, animals, plants and even some inanimate objects possess a soul, and a specific place in the world That is; we all exist for a reason. Some may not take the belief so far, but may still believe that every living thing is just as important as any other. As such, all people, animals, plants, ect. are created equal and must be afforded respect. Because of this, you may see pagans performing such odd (to the outsider) behaviors as asking a tree for permission to pick a fruit, or apologizing for uprooting an herb they grew themselves, or thanking their food for allowing them to eat it.
Pagans with political activist tendencies may be more likely to support programs that align with this belief and oppose policies that do not. For example, many Pagans are environmentalists, human rights activists, or animal rights activists. Some are also vegetarians, but again, many are not. Eating an animal places one in the food chain, the natural order of things, and this is also part of Pagan mysticism. Likewise, if plants have souls as well as animals, and are just as important, how do we choose which we eat and which we don’t? We would starve.
A belief that your actions will return to you in kind. There are many versions of this. Karma (in a new westernized form), the Wiccan Rede, ect. are some examples. Most Pagans generally believe it is not their place to pass judgment on others, that the natural results of their choices will afford the proper reward or punishment through the natural progression of time. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction?
This is often, however, dichotomized by the belief that allowing a wrong to go unanswered is dangerous. After all, if someone hurts you, they could hurt someone else. The action of natural reward or punishment may take a very long time, and often may not even manifest in this lifetime. Therefore, many Pagans may feel morally obligated to enact revenge for a wrong done to themselves or, more often, a loved one; especially if they are responsible for the victim through familial ties.
An observance of the cycles of Nature. Many pagans time their religious observances to coordinate with the phases of the moon. Also, many of our holidays are associated with seasonal changes and are calculated astrologically, though many people have established fixed dates on the modern calendar for these holidays. Much of our myth and folklore has to do with the changing of seasons and other natural events. In addition, those cycles that mirror the cycles of Nature which take place within the human body may be more carefully observed and revered than they would be among other groups.
I would like to qualify these statements by stressing once again that not all of these features are found in all NeoPagan religions. Usually you will find a combination of two or more. Thus, one cannot accurately state that a NeoPagan religion is always an Earth-based or Goddess-centered one. Nor can one state that NeoPagan religion is always based on ancient religion.
NeoPagan religions include Wicca, Modern Druidry, Hellenismos (Reconstructionist and Neo-Hellenism), NeoShamanism, Gegene, and others. Heathenry, including Odinism and Asatru is often placed in a separate category. Although many will agree that they are in the same religious family as Pagananism, many Heathens will balk at being referred to as NeoPagan and only a few of the generalizations I have made for NeoPaganism will apply to Heathenry. I will have to comment on Heathenry, therefore, another day.
Similarities between NeoPagan religions are cosmetic and their differences become more pronounced the more you learn about them. For instance, there are, in my opinion, more similarities between the morality and practices of Islam and Judaism than between Wicca and Neo-Hellenism, even though both are modernized versions of ancient practices.

Priory of Sion


Prieuré de Sion logo
The Prieuré de Sion, usually rendered in English translation as Priory of Sion (occasionally as 'Priory of Zion'), is an alleged thousand-year-old cabal featured in various conspiracy theories, as well as being listed as a factual ancient mystery religion in the bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown. It has been characterized as anything from the most influential secret society in Western history to a modern Rosicrucian-esque ludibrium, but, ultimately, has been shown to be a hoax created in 1956 by Pierre Plantard, a pretender to the French throne. Some scholars of esoteric history consider the controversial Sicilian Traditionalist philosopher Julius Evola's (1898-1974) ideas as sources for Pierre Plantard's later claims . The evidence presented in support of its historical existence has not been considered authentic or persuasive by established historians, academics, and universities, and the evidence was later discovered to have been forged and then planted in various locations around France by Plantard and his associates. Nevertheless, many conspiracy theorists insist on the truth of the Priory's role as a powerful secret society.

History
The alleged Priory
The different claims described the Priory of Sion as a secret society that was founded in the 11th century, to protect and preserve a secret involving the bloodline of Jesus Christ. Supposed branches of the priory include: The Knights Templar, the Order of the Rose-Croix (Rosicrucians), Amici, Ormus and the brotherhood of Sion. The Priory allegedly created the medieval order of Knights Templar as its military arm, and had a series of Grand Masters which included such notable (and real) historical figures as Leonardo da Vinci, Isaac Newton and Victor Hugo. The existence of the thousand-year-old Priory was supposedly "revealed" in the 1970s, via a series of documentaries and books by writers Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln, such as in their 1982 book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, which they claimed was pieced together from evidence in documents which had been found in the French National Library, as well as documents which were supposedly found in the late 1800s, hidden inside a pillar of a small church in southern France. Further attention came to the Priory when it was referred to as a factual society by the 2003 bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code.

Alleged Grand Masters of the Priory of Sion
The Priory of Sion was supposedly led by a Grand Master or Nautonnier. The following list of Grand Masters is derived from the Secret Dossiers of Henri Lobineau compiled by Pierre Plantard under the pseudonym of "Philippe Toscan du Plantier" in 1967:


Leonardo da Vinci, alleged to be the Priory of Sion's 12th Grand Master
All the Grand Master names were selected after the people in question had died. Many of the names chosen seem to have a common thread of being known for an interest in alchemy or heresy.
1. Jean de Gisors (1188-1220)
2. Marie de Saint-Clair (1220-1266)
3. Guillaume de Gisors (1266-1307)
4. Edouard de Bar (1307-1336)
5. Jeanne de Bar (1336-1351)
6. Jean de Saint-Clair (1351-1366)
7. Blanche d'Evreux (1366-1398)
8. Nicolas Flamel (1398-1418)
9. Rene d'Anjou (1418-1480)
10. Yolande de Bar (1480-1483)
11. Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi a.k.a. Sandro Botticelli (1483-1510)
12. Leonardo da Vinci (1510-1519)
13. Connetable de Bourbon (Charles, Duke of Bourbon) (1519-1527)
14. Ferdinand de Gonzague (1527-1575)
15. Louis de Nevers (1575-1595)
16. Robert Fludd (1595-1637)
17. Johann Valentin Andrea (1637-1654)
18. Robert Boyle (1654-1691)
19. Isaac Newton (1691-1727)
20. Charles Radclyffe (1727-1746)
21. Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine (1746-1780)
22. Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria (1780-1801)
23. Charles Nodier (1801-1844)
24. Victor Hugo (1844-1885)
25. Claude Debussy (1885-1918)
26. Jean Cocteau (1918-1963)
A later document, Le Cercle d'Ulysse, identifies Francois Ducaud-Bourget, a prominent Traditionalist Catholic, as the Grand Master following Cocteau's death. Plantard himself is later identified as Grand Master.
When the Secret Dossiers were exposed as a forgery by French researchers and authors, Plantard kept quiet but had to acknowledge that the above list was a fraud when investigated by the police for giving false evidence (see above). In 1989, he tried to make a comeback and revive the Priory of Sion by publishing a second list of Priory Grand Masters. This second list, which included the names of the deceased Roger Patrice Pelat and his own young son Thomas Plantard, should not be confused with the first. Post-1989, Plantard sought to distance himself from the first list, which belonged to an older, discredited version of the Priory.


Victor Hugo, alleged to be the Priory of Sion's 24th Grand Master
The second List of the Grand Masters of the Priory of Sion appeared in Vaincre No. 3, September 1989, page 22.
1. Jean-Tim Negri d'Albes (1681-1703)
2. François d'Hautpoul (1703-1726)
3. André Hercule de Rosset (1726-1766)
4. Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine (1766-1780)
5. Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria (1780-1801)
6. Charles Nodier (1801-1844)
7. Victor Hugo (1844-1885)
8. Claude Debussy (1885-1918)
9. Jean Cocteau (1918-1963)
10. François Balphangon (1963-1969)
11. John Drick (1969-1981)
12. Pierre Plantard de Saint-Clair (1981)
13. Philippe de Chérisey (1984-1985)
14. Patrice Pelat (1985-1989)
15. Pierre Plantard de Saint-Clair (1989)
16. Thomas Plantard de Saint-Clair (1989)